Minor Seventh Chords
The minor seventh is the note between the sixth and seventh notes of the diatonic major scale (e.g. B flat in the key of C). The minor seventh chord (identified by an m7 suffix after the key name) is made up of a minor triad plus a flattened seventh note: (1, b3, 5, b7 or C, Eb, G, Bb, in the key of C). Along with the seventh and dominant seventh chords, it is used widely in jazz music and is the first chord of the highly popular II, V, I chord progression (Dm7, G7 and Cm7 in the key of C).
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Music Theory Tip:
Using Arpeggios
An arpeggio is the sounding of the notes of a chord in succession rather than all simultaneously. Arpeggios can be played individually while holding a chord down or by picking out the notes separately on the fingerboard, just as you would when playing a scale. A major arpeggio consists of the first, third and fifth notes of a major scale (e.g. C, E and G in the key of C), while a minor arpeggio is the first, flattened third and fifth notes of the scale (C, Eb, and G in the key of C). Arpeggio notes produced with a held-down chord are not always in their exact order according to music theory.
Slash Chords:
These are chords in which the lowest note is not the root note of the chord. The chord symbol is written with a diagonal line (slash) after it and with the bass note then following the line. For example, if the C major chord is to be played with the note E in the bass it would be written as C/E. This method of specifying the bass note can be used to describe chord inversions, but it can also describe any chord type, including those in which the bass note does not appear in the original chord. C/F (above) is C major with the note F in the bass.
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- Wah-Wah:
One of the most recognizable guitar effects, Wah-wah was originally intended to imitate the crying tone of a muted trumpet, but became an expressive tool in its own right when soloing. Basically a band pass filter with a variable resonant frequency, a foot-operated wah pedal shifts a peak in the frequency response up and down the frequency spectrum, emphasizing the higher frequencies when pressed down and the lower ones when brought back. Wah-wah effects can also be produced automatically by an envelope follower.
- Pre-Amp:
Many amplifiers and DI boxes contain what is known as a pre-amplifier, a device that can be used to generate extra signal gain. Such devices are often used when acoustic instruments are amplified and when electric players need a bit more edge in their tone. The pre-amp passes the boosted signal to the amp's tone controls, which arc used to change the guitar's bass, middle and treble characteristics, before the signal is amplified further by the more powerful main amplifier. Experiment with the pre-amp and main volume controls of a guitar amplifier and you'll be surprised at the number of completely different sounds you can find.
- Violining:
Violining is an effect in which a guitar's volume control (or a volume pedal) is used to fade in the sound from nothing to create a soft attack to the note. Violining can be applied to individual notes to provide interesting nuances during solos, or to whole chords to get a haunting fade-in effect. Auto-violining can be achieved using a noise gate with a slow attack value. Rock legends such as Gary Moore, Jimmy Page and Mark Knopfler have used violining to great effect.
- Vibrato (Technique):
Vibrato is a fingerboard-hand technique where a played note is moved rapidly to produce a fluctuation in pitch that gives more richness to the tone. Vibrato can be applied vertically (across the neck) or horizontally (along the neck). Vibrato is used extensively in classical guitar music, and in blues, jazz and rock guitar solos. Some blues and blues-rock players such as BB King and Eric Clapton, are renowned, among other things, for their heavy vibrato techniques.
- Pull-Off:
A pull-off can be seen as the reverse of a hammer-on. A note is played, then the finger playing that note is pulled off the string to sound a lower note that is either an open string or one fretted by another finger. When performing this technique, care must be taken not to create extraneous noises by bumping into adjacent strings.
- Volume Pedal (Swell Pedal):
A volume pedal allows guitarists to control the volume of the sound with their foot. The pedal can be used to swell in a note gradually so that its natural attack is not heard, creating a sound more akin to a bowed instrument like a violin.
- Pre-Bend:
A pre-bend is when you bend a note before you play it. In this situation you play the string from the top of the bend and then pull it back into its original position. This technique requires a little bit of patience to perfect, as it will only work if the top of the bend is perfectly in tune.
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The progress you make as a musician will be directly related to the time and attention you put into every phase of the learning process.
- Preparation: In order to become an accomplished guitarist it is important to research the instrument and its role in music. Preparing to become a guitar player will include several elements. Among these are choosing a guitar, determining the style of music you want to play and deciding which training resources to use. This can be a difficult task for beginners who are not sure how to proceed. Take the time to evaluate your aspirations and goals then plot a course of action that will help you achieve them.
- Study: To become an effective guitarist you will have to become a dedicated student of the instrument. There is no substitute for the foundation that must be laid through study and research. It is important to use every available resource in order to master the guitar. Study helps and resources will include online tools, training videos, audio training and printed materials. Take advantage of chord charts, guitar tabs and sheet music as you learn to play the guitar.
- Practice: There is no substitute for practice. It is very important to develop a consistent practice routine. As you become more knowledgeable and skilled, practice time will become easier. Consistency is the key factor in your practice routine. Develop good practice habits and your proficiency on the guitar will grow exponentially.
- Determination and Discipline: Mastering the guitar and guitar technique is not easy. If it were, everyone would be a virtuoso guitarist. It is a challenge to become an accomplished player. It is important to have the right attitude and approach when learning to play the guitar. There is no substitute for determination and discipline. If you have not resolved within yourself to complete the process, you are not likely to succeed. Resolution and tenacity will create an accomplished guitarist.
Do you have what it takes to become the next guitar legend? Only you can answer that question. It is true there is no substitute for talent and natural ability. It is also true that your natural ability and talent can be increased by preparation, study, practice, hard work and dedication. Now that you have decided to become a guitarist, let Riff TV become an online resource for guitar lessons, guitar tab, sheet music, guitar software, guitar training videos, guitar strings, guitar tuners and more.
Compressor - Limiter
Compressors are used in recording to control volume levels by automatically turning down louder signals, thus reducing the dynamic range. This makes quieter sounds louder and louder sounds quieter, producing a more consistent signal perceived to be louder overall. A limiter is a special kind of compressor that will not allow the signal to rise above a specific level -the sound will get no louder no matter how hard you pick. In guitar terms, a compressor can be used to give longer sustain, to shape the envelope of a note and add swell to slide parts.
Comping - Jazz Guitarist Technique
Comping is a jazz term for accompanying. It usually means playing rhythm chords over which a singer can sing or a lead performer can play a solo. When you're comping it is important to remember to keep things as simple as possible so that your playing complements and brings the best out of the soloist. If you try to do anything too clever, you'll end up clashing with other members in the band. The other thing to remember is to stick to the rhythm of a piece and play a part that highlights the groove that the bassist and drummer are laying down.
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| This Week's Featured Guitar Chords: |
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Practice the following guitar chord progressions that include the chords listed above:
- Dmaj7 - Bm7 - Emin7 - A9 - F#min7 - Bmin7 - Gmaj7 - A9
Key of D Major
- Bbmaj7 - F9 - Ebmaj7 - F9 - Bbmaj7 - Dmin7 - Gmin7 - Dmin7 - Cmin7 - Ebmaj7 - F9 - Bbmaj7
Key of Bb Major
- Gmaj7 - Em7 - Bm7 - Am7 - Cmaj7 - D9 - Gmaj7 - Em - Cmaj - Am - B7
Key of G Major
- Fmaj7 - Gmin7 - Amin7 - Bbmaj7 - Dmin7 - C9 - Fmaj7
Key of F Major
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